Characteristics of early colonial life in North America included
less diversity of culture compared with Britain
a native population that outnumbered Europeans
a low percentage of African-Americans in the South
a mild and easily manageable physical environment
a dominant culture of French tastes and styles
The system of temporary servitude in the New World
was appealing to North American property-holders in the mid-1600s
included a labor force that never volunteered to come to the colonies
was not widely used in the British colonies
led to a lack of social unrest in the Chesapeake region
did not compose a significant percentage of the colonial labor force
Roughly one-fourth of indentures in the Chesapeake were
English royalty
males
Puritan Separatists
women
of African descent
During the late 1600s, the system of indentured servitude became less popular because
English orphans and paupers were shipped to Australia instead
large plantations became less common, thus decreasing the need for indentured servants
there was a lack of African-American laborers
the English birth rate declined
the English economy fell on hard times
In the late 1600s, the element of society in the English colonies that caused the greatest social unrest was
the middle class
African slaves
dissatisfied Puritans
indentured servants
aristocratic landowners
In the late 1600s, life expectancy was greater in the northern colonies than in the southern colonies for all of the following reasons except
the northern colonies had a more balanced ratio of men to women
the northern colonies had fewer cities to breed epidemics
the northern colonies had better water
the northern colonies had a relatively cool climate
the northern colonies had fewer life-threatening diseases
Medical care in early colonial America
revealed that there was little use of the scientific method
featured a renewed commitment to sanitary work conditions
rejected the practices of humoralism
managed to establish health care in most remote rural areas
put an end to the practice of bleeding
In the 1600s, the high sex ratio of men to women in the Chesapeake meant that
premarital sexual relationships were rare throughout the region
women generally married at a much older age than men
the birth rate was low
females had much latitude in the choice of husbands
females enjoyed less freedom than women in New England
In the 1600s, Puritan New England family structure
was more stable than that of southern colonies
produced children who soon grew independent of their parents
experienced a decline in stability
encouraged the equality of men and women
eliminated most premarital pregnancy
The group that did not begin to immigrate to the Americas in large numbers during the late 1600s and early 1700s was the
French Huguenots
English Quakers
German Protestants
Italian Catholics
Scottish Presbyterians
Immigrants from Europe came to the American colonies because of
all of the answers below
loss of land
rising costs of living
religious persecutions
devastating wars
During the 1600s and 1700s, the southern economy was characterized by all of the following conditions except
boom-and-bust economic cycles
the development of a merchant class
the dominance of cash crop agriculture
expansion of planters' landholdings
a reliance on tobacco in the Chesapeake region
In South Carolina during the early 1740s, a new staple crop was
tobacco
rice
barley
wheat
indigo
The economy of the northern colonies exhibited all of the following characteristics except
they had a more diverse agriculture than that of the southern colonies
they had a wide range of industrial activities of modest scale
they had several thriving extractive industries
they had highly successful manufacturing concerns protected by English law
they often engaged in a certain amount of industry at home
One problem with early American industries was
there was no commonly accepted currency
the lack of an elaborate coastal trade
a tendency to enforce too many rules of trade
a failure of small companies to compete
England's lack of concern for making a profit
The rise of commerce in the English colonies was aided by
abundant amounts of specie
strictly enforced laws of trade
standardized currency
a group of adventurous entrepreneurs
an organized system of trade
All of the following were exports from the colonies either to Europe or Africa except
fish
rum
sugar molasses
manufactured goods
In general, plantations in the American South can be described as
relatively large estates
controlling the markets for their products
self-contained communities
located only in Virginia
The southern agrarian economy was dominated by
wealthy landowners
capitalist bankers
independent farmers
wealthy merchants
slave traders
The slave culture of the large plantations
placed special emphasis on extended kinship networks
developed a religion that blended Christianity with African folklore
was subject to constant intrusion from and interaction with white society
included a strong and elaborate family structure
The basic unit of social life in colonial New England was the
church
farm
city
plantation
town
Colonial cities displayed all of the following characteristics except
they developed trade and industry
they had residents who were roughly equal in wealth
they were the center for new ideas
they experienced many social problems
they had populations under 50,000 people
In religious matters, each of the colonies
was loyal to the Church of England
refused any notions of religious toleration
was dominated by one of the Protestant faiths
had a variety of different churches existing side by side
chose to practice religious toleration for idealistic reasons
By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some Americans were growing troubled by
the lack of fertile soil in the Middle Colonies
a huge increase in Catholic immigration from Ireland
an apparent decline in religious piety in their society
the overwhelming amount of new taxes imposed by Britain
a decline in the colonial population that reduced the labor pool
The Great Awakening of the 1700s
came in response to a decline in religious piety
depended exclusively on powerful evangelists from England
healed the divisions that had grown up between existing congregations
achieved its greatest success in northern cities
had little impact in the colonies
During the Great Awakening, George Whitfield reassurred crowds they could atone for their sins by
doing good works
admitting them directly to God
going on pilgrimages to England
simply relying on local clergy
donating money to the church
The Enlightenment encouraged people to seek guidance in their lives and to shape society by looking to
themselves
the Puritan Elect
government leaders
leading educators
the clergy
In the English colonies of North America, the group that had the least access to education was
Native Americans
white women
white men
middle-class artisans
One of the first American colleges to have no theological faculty was
Harvard
William and Mary
College of New Jersey (Princeton)
King's College (Columbia)
Yale
After the French and Indian War, the British Empire faced all of the following problems except
huge new lands that it had to decide how to use
huge war debts that it had to find a way to pay
conflict with the colonists over westward expansion
a new king whose personality made governing the empire very difficult
wartime government leaders who remained in power despite knowing little about peacetime governing
In his policy toward the American colonies, Prime Minister George Grenville maintained that the colonists should be
allowed to take a greater share in governing themselves
treated fairly, as his brother-in-law, William Pitt, had suggested
taxed less than in the past
compelled to pay part of the cost of administering and defending the empire
urged to extend slavery into New England
The Proclamation of 1763 was supported by
New England merchants
Scots-Irish farmers
southern planters
Indians
frontiersmen
In its attempts to stop the flow of colonists into the Ohio valley, the Proclamation of 1763 was
totally successful until withdrawn by the British
supported by colonists on the frontier
successful for a few years, but then gradually lost its impact
almost completely without impact
ignored for a few years until the British rigidly enforced it
After 1763, the new imperial program of Prime Minister George Grenville included all of the following revenue-producing measures except
the Mutiny Act of 1765, requiring colonists to assist in maintaining the army
the Sugar Act of 1764, raising the duty on sugar
the Stamp Act of 1765, taxing most printed documents
the Molasses Act of 1764, increasing the duty on molasses
the Currency Act of 1764, restricting the printing of colonial money
After 1763, Americans began to feel a common bond against the British because of all the following common grievances except
the closing of the West to land speculation and fur trading
the underrepresentation of western counties in the colonial assemblies
the raising of taxes on many colonial goods
the economic depression that followed the end of the war
the establishment of new vice-admiralty courts
During the 1760s and 1770s, the political program that angered the Americans most was the British effort to take away local control over
appropriating money for local government
appointing the colonial governor
approving the choice of military commanders
negotiating treaties with the Indians
regulating slavery in the South
Although the financial burden imposed by the Stamp Act of 1765 was small, it antagonized and unified the colonies against the British government more so than had the Sugar Act of 1764 because
people bought more stamps than sugar
the new tax was blatantly designed to produce revenue, and it fell on all the colonists regardless of colony or class
the postage rates were already extremely high
the "New York Resolves" created the impression that the most populous colony was more militant than it really was
the revenue would be collected in the form of a duty tax
The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 petitioned the king and the Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act because
the tax gave London merchants an unfair advantage in the colonial trade
the price of the stamps was more than the colonists could afford
it believed that only the colonial assemblies could place taxes on the colonies
the method of selling the stamps was unworkable
they believed that external taxes were intrinsically unfair
A fiery speech against the Stamp Act was given in the Virginia House of Burgesses by
Thomas Jefferson
George Washington
Samuel Adams
James Otis
Patrick Henry
The Stamp Act crisis brought the colonies to the brink of war with the British, but the crisis subsided largely because
colonial leaders were unable to organize significant protests
England could not afford another costly war
English merchants, hurt by the colonial boycott, asked Parliament to repeal the act
the colonies were militarily too powerful for Britain to fight
the colonial petitions persuaded Britain to rethink its position
During his years as chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass all of the following measures except
disbanding the New York assembly
imposing a series of new external taxes
creating an effective antismuggling board
establishing new agents to enforce the Stamp Act
addressing the challenge of enforcing the Mutiny Act
The Mutiny (Quartering) Act of 1765 was resented by the colonists because
they could now be prosecuted on mutiny charges for refusing to provide quarters for troops
they were required to quarter troops who served no purpose other than to oppress them
some colonies were exempt from the laws provisions
colonial contributions of lodging and supplies for British troops were made mandatory
they had never quartered troops in the past
Prime Minister Charles Townshend established a board of customs commissioners in America that
virtually ended smuggling in Boston
won the support of American merchants outside of Boston
continued loose enforcement of the Navigation Acts
broke the colonists' boycott of English goods
halted smuggling in all American seaports
Following the "Boston Massacre" of 1770, Samuel Adams stirred up public outrage and then helped to create a committee of
vigilance
military training
correspondence
revolution
public safety
Colonial leaders based their opposition to British policies on the philosophies of
all the answers below
John Locke, who was a political theorist
Scots, who viewed the English as tyrannical
Puritans, who were religious refugees from England
radical ideas from British opponents of the government
Americans of the 1770s based their opposition to the British on all of the following ideas except
government should be distributed among several elements of society, not concentrated in a single center
taxes should be levied on people only if they participated in the process
sovereignty should be indivisible, with only a single, ultimate authority in a country
people should resist the government if it oppressed them, and they had the right to overthrow the government if necessary
a belief that people needed safeguards against abusive power
One result of the Boston massacre was
the death of over 50 Americans
the withdrawal of British troops from colonial cities
the incident became a symbol of British oppression
the resignation of Charles Townshend
the incident resulted in a jail sentence for Thomas Hutchinson
Protests of the Tea Act differed from earlier responses to British laws in that
colonial women refused to become involved in the boycott
the tea boycott mobilized large segments of the population
resistance to the act failed to generate mass support
most believed the Tea Act was necessary to the prevention of smuggling
the boycott failed to include members of the merchant class
In response to Boston's opposition to the Tea Act of 1773, the British Parliament decided to
take no action against the city
order the arrest of John Hancock
try the people who organized the Boston Tea Party
punish all of Boston and all of Massachusetts
hold all of the American colonies responsible for Boston
In response to the Coercive Acts, the colonists took all of the following actions except
organizing bands of vigilantes to make sure colonists cooperated with the resistance to the British
passing a plan for a colonial union under British authority
gathering delegates from most of the colonies in an assembly to consider common action against the British
preparing for military defense against possible British attack
women's groups extending their organized boycotts
In response to the suspension of their colonial legislatures, many colonies convened new assemblies, and a collective assembly met in September 1774, under the name of the
First Continental Congress
United States Congress
Committee of Safety
Colonial Congress
United Continental Assembly
The first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired in Massachusetts at
Bunker Hill
Cambridge
Boston
Monmouth
Lexington
For most African-Americans, the American Revolution
provided no opportunity to run away to freedom
was an insignificant event
destroyed all support for ending slavery in the North
had limited but profound significance
resulted in a decrease in plantation slavery
In much of the North, antislavery sentiments were fueled by all of the following except
revolutionary sentiment
efforts by black writers
encouragement and support from southern legislators
evangelical Christian beliefs in equality
a recognition by some that liberty and slavery were incompatible
By the end of the American Revolution, most Native American tribes had
gained beneficial trade treaties with whites
earned the respect of Americans by fighting the British
experienced a weakening of their power and independence
managed to escape to the safety of southeast Canada
denied knowing of the war between the Americans and the British
The wartime experiences of American women included all of the following except
experiencing the responsibility of running farms and businesses
momentarily gaining the right to vote in many northern states
increasing army morale and efficiency by doing chores and nursing
becoming intermittently involved in battles
issuing new calls for the expansion of women's rights
By the late 1780s, many Americans had become dissatisfied with the weaknesses of the Confederation. The Confederation government was hampered by
factions and instability
an inability to deal with economic problems
the lack of power to deal with social uprisings
its failure to deal quickly with Shays's Rebellion
By 1786, even those who feared a strong centralized government agreed that the Confederation needed the power to
pass taxes
make war
negotiate treaties
regulate federal lands
sign a new peace treaty with England
Most of the people who wrote the Constitution
distrusted any concentration of political power
were old men with many years of political experience
represented the common men, rather than the wealthy and propertied
were suspicious of the propertied classes
One of the major differences between the Virginia and New Jersey plans for the new United States Constitution was whether
states would have equal representation in Congress
the national government would have the authority to levy taxes directly
Congress would be able to regulate commerce between the states
the president would be elected or appointed
The "Great Compromise" at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 resulted in all of the following agreements except
representation in the lower house of Congress would be based on population
each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a free person in the determination of representation and direct taxation
the national government would be prohibited from exercising any powers not specifically granted to it
each state would have an equal number of votes in the upper house of Congress
an assumption that slave labor was not as productive as free labor
For the Constitutional Convention to reach agreement on the power of the federal government to regulate commerce, the members agreed that
a listing of individual rights would be added to the Constitution
trade with France and England would be banned
Congress would not be able to tax either exports or imports
the government would not be permitted to stop the slave trade for twenty years
the federal government would regulate foreign trade, but not interstate trade
The men who wrote the Constitution resolved the question of sovereignty by deciding that in the United States political power rested ultimately with the
national government
president
state governments
local governments
people
To protect the country from the problems of concentrated authority, the writers of the Constitution used the idea of a
separation of powers
system of checks and balances
federal structure of government
government that derived its authority from below
Supporters of the Constitution enjoyed all of the following advantages except
they were better organized than their opponents
supporters such as Franklin and Washington were greatly admired
their belief in a weaker central government was preferred by common citizens
their label “Federalists” was more appealing than the name of their opponents
leading supporters included some of the ablest political philosophers of the time
The element of the Constitution most representative of the antifederalist perspective is the
three-fifths provision
Bill of Rights
doctrine of judicial review
Thirteenth Amendment
concept of strong centralization
To protect the nation from the "tyranny of the people," the original U.S. Constitution provided that the people would directly elect only one part of the national government, the
Senate
House of Representatives
Supreme Court
Joint chiefs of staff
For the new U.S. Constitution to go into effect, it had to be ratified by
all of the state legislatures
a majority of the Confederation Congress
unanimous vote in Congress
two-thirds of the people voting in a referendum
nine of the state ratifying conventions
The authors of The Federalist Papers wrote them for the purpose of
explaining the meaning and positive qualities of the Constitution
describing the negative effects of the Constitution upon states' rights
promoting the concept of the Bill of Rights
exposing the Constitution as a plan to establish a strong, tyrannical national government
rejecting all of the ideas of the antifederalists
The Antifederalists argued that the Constitution had all of the following faults except
it provided for a national government that was too strong
it did not list the natural rights of its citizens
it allowed the state governments to become a threat to the lives and property of their own citizens
it favored the aristocratic and wealthy interests over those of the common people
it gave taxation powers that were too broad
During the battle over ratification, all of the following events occurred except
some states voted against ratification narrowly
some states voted for ratification narrowly
some states voted for ratification unanimously
some states refused to act on the question immediately
some states voted against ratification unanimously
The Federalists of the 1790s believed that the United States should have
a strong central government and a well-developed economy
a modest central government and a predominantly rural economy
federalized lines of authority in which the states had supreme authority over the federal government
an equal distribution of power between the federal and state governments
state governments with the power to protect revolutionary goals
When Thomas Jefferson looked to the future, he hoped that the United States would become a country dominated by
independent owners of small farms
wealthy owners of large plantations
independent owners of small shops in cities
wealthy owners of large factories
artisans who worked in urban centers
The start of the French Revolution caused the Republicans in the United States to
turn against the French because they overthrew the monarchy and executed the king and queen
applaud the revolution as being democratic and copy French fashions and forms of address
join with the Federalists in opposition to France
decide to withhold judgment until they saw what the final outcome of the Revolution would be
urge an alliance and free-trade treaty with England
The Federalist party enjoyed widespread support in the
rural areas of the South
farming communities of the West
commercial centers of the Northeast
fur-trading region of the Mississippi Valley
The Federalists gradually declined as a political force because they
did not have capable leaders at a time when the country faced serious international problems
preferred preserving political stability over protecting individual liberty
tried to undermine popular respect for the institutions of the federal government
refused to use the power of the government against their political opponents
promoted a weakening of central power in the government
The Republican vision of America as proposed by Thomas Jefferson included the ideal of
a diversified and complex economy
a large and powerful federal government
a society of sturdy, independent farmers
an urbanized nation with cities to rival those of Europe
a sole emphasis on education of the elite
During the Jeffersonian era, American education exhibited the characteristic of
males and females being granted a free public education until the age of twelve
most states creating a system of free public schools
private institutions dominating the educational system
nearly one-half of the white male population gaining access to a college education
African-Americans finally receiving equal opportunity
During the Jeffersonian era, American education exhibited all the following characteristics except
many more schools became available to the poor
the number of colleges and universities increased
professional education did not increase significantly
private institutions were more common than public
the Republican party's commitment to public education
In the early 1800s, women were
commonly encouraged to join the professional fields
frequently admitted to secondary schools
occasionally admitted to colleges and universities
often educated to be better wives and mothers
In 1784, Judith Sargent Murray published an essay that promoted the idea that
Native Americans should be educated by the white culture
higher education should become available to all, regardless of income
women were less capable than men in terms of intellect but possessed superior intuition
women should have the same opportunity for education as men
common farmers were essential to the electoral process
One example of dangerous medical treatment during the early 1800s was
the refusal of Benjamin Rush to teach anatomy
the refusal of physicians to supervise child births
American scientists being completely unaware of the scientific method
the continued use of bleeding as a method of healing
doctors being unable to study medicine with established practitioners
The acknowledged leader of American literature in the early 1700s, the man who created such characters as Rip van Winkle and Ichabod Crane, was
Jedidiah Morse
Noah Webster
Joel Barlow
Washington Irving
Charles Brockden Brown
In the Jeffersonian era, American literary figures who contributed to the rise of cultural nationalism included all the following people except
Samuel Slater
Mercy Otis Warren
Many early American literary figures
wrote stories about horror and deviant behavior
provided criticism of European cultures
portrayed the weaknesses of American political leaders
glorified the virtues of American people and American culture
gave a realistic and unemotional evaluation of the events of American history
Overall, the Second Great Awakening resulted in
increased belief in salvation attained through faith and good works
the growth of “rational theology”
a greater number of male converts than female converts
renewed acceptance of the doctrine of predestination
less active piety and an acceptance of the rational religions
The Second Great Awakening resulted in all of the following developments except
an increased membership in the churches embracing revivalism
active participation by women who flocked to revivals in large numbers
an acceleration of the growth of new Protestant sects
a renewal of belief in the idea of predestination
the emergence of black preachers who became important leaders of the slave communities
The Second Great Awakening had the least impact on the
Baptists
Iroquois
Methodists
Presbyterians
Congregationalists
During the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening featured
the creation of the camp meeting
the spread of highly emotional behavior at religious revivals
an increase in religious fervor across the nation
the decline of widespread belief in predestination
The Second Great Awakening had a great impact on
blacks
young women
people from remote regions
The controversy over whether Missouri would be admitted as a free state or a slave state illustrated
rising nationalism
the power of federalism
internationalism
a decline in regional differences
growing sectionalism
In 1819, the application by Missouri for admission to the Union raised the issue of
opposition to slavery on moral grounds
the balance of political power between the northern and southern states
the economic competition between the plantation system and the free-labor system
the status of labor in newly admitted states
Under the Missouri Compromise, the entrance of Missouri as a state of the Union was paired with the admission of
Kansas
Minnesota
Tennessee
Maine
Nebraska
Under the Missouri Compromise, slavery was prohibited in
all remaining United States territories
all the rest of the Louisiana Purchase
all new territories except Texas
all the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern border of Missouri
all the rest of the Louisiana Purchase west of Missouri
Before the democratization of the 1820s and 1830s, states restricted the influence of the ordinary citizen in politics by all of the following methods except
selecting presidential electors in legislatures
placing property requirements on voters
restricting voting to members of a specific church
requiring voters to be taxpayers
having legislators represent property rather than people
During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the common people gained political power through all of the following means except
creation of national nominating conventions
enfranchisement of women and free blacks
elimination of property qualifications for voting
increase in opportunity to hold political office
challenge of entrenched office holders
In the early 1800s, most people thought that Indians were
"noble savages" who possessed great virtues
"savages" who could not be civilized
“heathens” who wished to become Christians
"primitives" who needed to be protected
"innocents" who had no knowledge of evil
In the mid-1800s, many westerners favored Indian removal for all of the following reasons except
to put distance between the two cultures' living areas
to help end frontier violence
to preserve the American Indians' independent status
to open up new lands for white settlers
to break tribal ties to valuable lands
The Black Hawk War was fought between the citizens of the United States and the
Sauk and Fox Indians
Cherokee and Sauk Indians
Creek and Cherokee Indians
Fox and Creek Indians
Sauk and Creek Indians
Even by its own standards, the federal government had a poor case for moving the Cherokees west because the Cherokees had
a formal constitution
a successful farming economy
a sophisticated culture
a declaration as an independent nation
When Jackson heard Marshall's decision in the case between Georgia and the Cherokees (Worcester v. Georgia), he
attacked the decision but enforced it
supported the decision but decided that the federal government had no way to enforce it
submitted a new removal bill
refused to enforce the decision
argued that the decision did not go far enough
The Indian tribe that most successfully resisted removal was the
Cherokee
Seminole
Sauk
Creek
Choctaw
In choosing Indian removal, white society of the 1830s was rejecting the concept of
establishing Indian reservations
creating a shared world with the Indians
segregating Indian and white societies
treating the territories as virgin land
engaging in warfare with Indians
The creation of a second party system in the 1830s produced competition between the
Democrats and Federalists
Federalists and Republicans
Republicans and Whigs
Democrats and Republicans
Whigs and Democrats
In Jacksonian America, the Democratic party's philosophy was based on all of the following ideas except
the elimination of the influence of the privileged
the protection of social and economic mobility
the promotion of political opportunities for white males
the stimulation of the economy by the federal government
the celebration of the common man
The philosophy of the Whig party supported
decrease in federal government power
growth of the slave economy
use of fewer technological advances
reduction in the number of business charters
control of westward expansion
In the 1830s, the supporters of the Whigs included all of the following groups except
Irish and German Catholics
wealthy northeastern industrialists and merchants
wealthy southern planters
western pro-commerce merchants and farmers
anti-Masons in New York
In the 1830s, the supporters of the Democrats included all of the following groups except
evangelical Protestants
northeastern laborers and smaller merchants
southern planters who were suspicious of industrialization
western farmers with southern roots
slaveholders from the South
One problem the Whig party faced in the 1830s was
the public's belief that it had caused the Panic of 1837
its failure to unify behind one of the party's able candidates
the growing unpopularity of Martin Van Buren
its failure to draw the support of Evangelical Protestants
the unpopularity of its stance on Indian removal policies
The American population of the 1820s and 1830s was characterized by
migration from the South to the North
slow growth in numbers
significant movement to the East
extensive movement to towns and cities
Much of the population increase of the 1820s resulted from
a major increase in the importation of slaves
a rapid rise in immigration from central Europe
a rapid rise in immigration from Europe
a slow decline in the mortality rate
a higher birth rate than in the 1700s
The city that gained the most from the success of the Erie Canal was
New York
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Pittsburgh
The United States of the 1840s and 1850s saw all of the following developments except
the rapid growth of Northeastern cities
a booming agricultural economy in the West
a major movement of shipping to the Great Lakes
a sharp decline in immigration from Europe
the rise of close economic ties between the Northeast and Northwest
All of the following statements are true of Irish and German immigrants of the 1840s except
the Germans tended to settle in the Northwest more than the Irish did
the Germans came over in family groups or as single men more than the Irish did
the Irish had less money when they arrived than the Germans did
the Irish settled largely in eastern cities
the Irish tended to become farmers more than the Germans did
In general, nativists believed that
Catholics should be trusted if they took an oath of allegiance
immigrants enriched American culture
the Irish should be admired for their ability to organize politically
immigrants should be allowed to vote after one year residence in any state
immigrants were politically corrupt and took jobs away from U.S. citizens
The form of transportation that had the biggest impact on the 1830s was the
turnpike
steamboat
canal
railroad
improved horse carriage
The Erie Canal revolutionized domestic markets because it permitted the
shipment of wheat from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest
transfer of goods from New York to New Orleans along inland waterways
transport of gold from California to the East coast
movement of cotton from the Deep South to New England
shipping of meat from Chicago to the South
One result of the development of canals was
decreased use of railroad lines
increased settlement in the Northwest
decreased use of the port of New Orleans
increased growth of Southeastern cities
decreased growth of trade in the North
Those cities along the East coast that were not able to successfully construct canals linked to the West were eventually able to
take advantage of the reduced rates on oceanic shipping
build canals that connected the East with the South
destroy the Erie Canal before it ruined them
obtain federal funds to build turnpikes
capitalize on the newly emerging railroad industry
The early railroads of the 1820s and 1830s primarily served as
linkages between water routes
passenger lines
the means of moving bulk goods
long-haul carriers
connection between the Great Lakes and the Far West
During the 1840s and 1850s, railroads experienced all of the following developments except
they improved the most in the Northwest
they found financial support from both private and government sources
they diverted traffic away from the rivers and canals
they consolidated some short lines into much longer lines
they developed trunk lines to connect many regions
During the 1820s and 1830s, the growth of business was assisted by all of the following developments except
the emergence of new general incorporation laws
the rise of specialty stores in cities
the creation of a stable state banking system
the improvement in distribution of goods
the specialization of stores
The use of the corporation increased significantly when
state legislatures began issuing special charters of incorporation
the states decreased taxes on corporations
limited liability was instituted and other legal obstacles were reduced
the federal government issued large numbers of new charters
credit became the foundation of the new consumer economy
The rise of the factory began in the
shoe industry in the Southeast
textile industry in the Northeast
munitions industry in the Southeast
food processing industry in the Northwest
steel refineries of the Midwest
During the 1840s and 1850s, American industry
moved close to the cotton supplies of the Southeast
developed high-grade woolens superior to those of the English
manufactured machine tools better than those in European factories
relied on European inventors for most technological improvements
failed to grow at a sufficient rate
In the 1820s, one major problem faced by the growing factory system was the
inability to harness water power
increase in task specialization
lack of a large labor supply
rapid change in technology
lack of capital investment in the Northeast
The labor shortage that retarded the growth of the factory system in the 1820s and 1830s was alleviated by
the decline of agriculture in the Northeast
the use of slave labor
the eastward movement of settlers
the child labor laws
the large-scale immigration from eastern Europe
The early Lowell or Waltham system used in the textile mills
brought whole families from the farm to the mill, where families worked together
caused the formation of the first national unions
was marked by long working hours, poor dormitory conditions, and strikes
paid men and women equal wages and granted equal working conditions
was marked by good working conditions superior to those in England
In the early years of the U.S. factory system, working conditions for women and children were
better than in England
similar to those in England
worse than in England
kept secret by the factory owners
the worst in the Western World
Compared with the working conditions in the early 1800s, the condition of workers in 1840 had
become much worse
improved substantially
improved only in wages
remained relatively the same
resulted in creating a safer environment
The situation of women and immigrants in the factory system was similar in that they both
were able to organize labor unions successfully
saw conditions in their factories slowly improve
found opportunities for rapid improvement
were powerless to affect pay rates or working conditions
responded to the ideals of socialism
Conditions for Irish-Catholic workers in the 1840s included all of the following except
living in grim and unhealthy conditions
working in unsafe work environments
getting low-paying, hard work in textile mills
defending their rights by joining national unions
facing harsh prejudice from nativists groups
In the 1820s and 1830s, skilled artisans faced all of the following problems except
competition from factory-produced goods
reluctance of the various trades to work together
opposition from hostile courts to their unions
economic ruin from panics and depressions
displacement due to the rise of factories
In the 1840s and 1850s, labor unions typically
attracted growing numbers of immigrants
excluded female workers
staged many strikes
began to resemble modern labor organizations
experienced improved success at organizing
Between 1800 and 1860, the nature of the family changed because of the decline in the
size of farms
rate of births
number of abortions
number of hired hands on farms
use of birth control
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